Interview (Aging) Essay example - 2207 Words

A Man Cooler than Ice Akanksha Sharma and Rose K Chua AGNG 200 Dr. Jeffrey Ash Nov 26th, 2014 University of Maryland, Baltimore County I have always admired the senior citizens who are wondering how they have passed such long journeys of their lives. They not only have accomplished achievements, but also have done memorable works that deserve admiration, respect, and priority in today’s society. These old people may look incompetent and unexciting in somebody’s eyes and thoughts, but not everyone realizes that they are the people with greatest knowledge and experiences beyond their masters of life. From my own experience, whenever I see an old mister or mistress looking for help or in need of help, I can never ignore him or†¦show more content†¦He first mentioned that the advantage were â€Å"to be able to share my stories and years of experiences to younger, upcoming generations†. His willingness to share his wisdom with everyone was clearly portrayed in his eyes. â€Å"Old age is a time when we are likely to come face-to-face with questions about ultimate meaning. In fact, it was onl y in the 20th century that a sizable proportion of the population survived to experience old age, and it is therefore natural that, in our time, the meaning of old age has become an issue (Moody, 27)† The author of Aging: Concepts and Controversies, Moody, has a contradicting idea with that of Mr. John Evans’s. Mr. John described one of the unique properties of us humans is that we, are the only species that look after the elderly. We moved onto discussing how his memory has changed and how it has affected his life. His response really surprised us when he said, â€Å"I have a better memory than my 24 year old grandson.† He said that one thing that hasn’t changed all his life is his memory. He hasn’t had any issues with memory or memory loss. Based on his answers his crystalized and fluid intelligence seems to be in check. He also told us how he loves gardening, listening to music, watching movies, reading and so on. According to the textbook, as we get older our creativity declines butShow MoreRelatedEssay about Healthy Aging Interview1812 Words   |  8 Pagescommunity as it nears its seventy-fifth anniversary. The Interview During a series of interviews, we explored the following topics: #61623; What is your definition of aging? Maxine thought this question was quite basic. However, after much thought she stated that aging is simply advancing in age. Upon further questioning she explained that her definition is a view of the total process of aging. She does not define aging in a biological, functional, psychological, sociologic or spiritualRead MoreAdult Aging Interview At The Feet Of An Elderly Person Essay2126 Words   |  9 PagesAdult Aging Interview â€Å"The best classroom is at the feet of an elderly person,† said by a famous American radio and television writer, Andy Rooney. Elderly has so much to teach the younger generation because they have been through an array of events in life that are worth sharing and knowing. The purpose of the study is to understand the experience of aging and late adulthood by using case study method through interview and informal interaction with an older adult. Given the circumstance of longRead MoreThe Continuity Theory Of Aging894 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction The belief that people cope with life better by applying familiar strategies based on their past experiences is the continuity theory of aging. 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Upon turning 17 he packed up his things and moved out west to Idaho where he worked as a park ranger for a several year until he movedRead MoreInterview About My Grandma And My Pastor1307 Words   |  6 PagesFor this assignment, I chose to interview my grandma and my pastor. My grandma (my dad’s mom) lives in Yakima, Washington and is 8 0 years old. My pastor is 65 years old and lives in Duncan, Oklahoma. My grandma said this interview was fun and made her think. She lost her husband when she was 71 years old. She lives alone and is responsible for all of her personal care needs such as hygiene, house cleaning, and yard work. She has a neighbor from her church that helps her with any work that involvesRead MoreAn Accurate Plan Of Care For Older Adults1522 Words   |  7 PagesAs individuals age changes occur physiologically that are part of normal aging. These changes occur in all organ systems and can impact an individual’s quality of life. The changes related to aging can be attributed to an individual’s genetic make up, lifestyle, physical activity, and dietary lifestyle. Being able to differentiate between normal changes in aging against disease process is important because it can help clinicians develop a plan of care (Boltz, Capezuti, Fulmer, Zwicker, 2012). CreatingRead MoreAn Interview With A Healthy, Non Institutionalized Elderly Latino1630 Words   |  7 Pa gesThe paper is based on an interview with a healthy, non-institutionalized elderly Latino man in relation to the current nursing techniques. The focus on this individual helps to investigate the relationship between the race/ethnicity, psychosocial characteristics and the United States nursing home utilization projections. Notably, focusing on the individual aged 65 years and above helps analyze the characteristics of the baby boom generation in its entrance to retirement age. Consideration of thisRead MoreThe Face Of The Hiv Epidemic Essay1498 Words   |  6 Pages The face of the HIV epidemic has changed. People ages 50 and older now represent the fastest growing segment of HIV positive adults in the United States (Sankar et al, 2011). A workshop on HIV Infection and Aging estimated that by 2015, adults aged 50 and older will make up approximately 50% of all HIV/AIDS in the U.S. (Effros et al, 2008). Factors, including decreased efficiency of the immune system and decreased likelihood that older adults have been tested for HIV, increase the vulnerabilityRead MoreThe Psychological Development Of A Person Who Is Advanced1562 Words   |  7 Pagesprofound impact deep within the human brain. To begin, with an aging population, the diagnosis of ever increasing illnesses coupled with ever present sense of mortality, senior citizens must emphasize â€Å"the ability to adapt and to self-manage.†(Scholz, 2015, p.18) While the phrase in this context refers to people who are experiencing the psychological battle of facing their morality, maybe th is is merely a recurring theme. During the interview, the participant shared his experience of opening a â€Å"pulpwoodRead MorePhysical And Cognitive Values Of The Aging Process Essay1356 Words   |  6 PagesLife Review In this paper, aging will be analyzed and evaluated by many topics that are involved in the aging process. J.S. is an elderly woman with information and insight about the aging process as she explains her own life experiences. The topics to be discussed are biological information, biological theory, sociological theory, risk factors, interventions, communication techniques, and self-reflection. The analysis and evaluation of J.S.’s aging process will explore the physical and cognitive

Rfp Inventory Control Essay - 5651 Words

Request for Proposal An Inventory Control System Just Seeds Unlimited Co. 4105 Stuart Andrew Blvd Unit #3 Charlotte, NC 28217 704.222.2222 Distribution List (TBD) Linnea L. Williams lwilliams.lwilliams@gmail.com PM598 – May 2011 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INSTRUCTIONS TO BIDDERS 5 1.1. General Description of Work 5 1.2. What Must Be Included with Bid 5 1.3. Schedule of Bid Period Activities 6 1.4. Location of Work 6 1.5. Pre-Bid Meeting 7 1.6. Owner Contact for Questions 7 1.7. Pre-Award Surveys 8 1.8. Sealed Bid Requirements 8 1.9. Basis for Bid Evaluation 9 1.10. Ethical Standards 10 1.11. Responsibility for Surety Bonds 10 1.12. Proposal Format 10 1.13. List of Bidders 12 1.14. Letter of†¦show more content†¦Location of Work The project site is located in Southwest Charlotte, NC, minutes away from the Charlotte/Douglas International Airport. The site is within close proximity to the highway, interstate-77. The facility and the project site are the same location. The site’s size is a 1,537 square feet, a high quality office/flex/warehouse property, which has grade level drive-in doors with common loading dock. 4105 Stuart Andrew Blvd Unit #3 Charlotte, NC 28217 1.5. Pre-Bid Meeting It is understood that bidders may want to visit the site to obtain information necessary to complete their bid proposal process. Site visits will be conducted on August 12, 2011 at 9:00 a.m. EST at the Just Seeds Unlimited Co. facility/warehouse, located at: 4105 Stuart Andrew Blvd Unit #3 Charlotte, NC 28217 The site visit will begin promptlyShow MoreRelatedAn Environmental Study2299 Words   |  10 Pagesis now time to issue an RFP to procure an environmental impact analysis. Studies of this type normally require about three months of concerted effort by a team of analysts Course Project Overview The course project for PM598 consists of three parts, which provide familiarization to processes associated with contract and procurement management. 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Operations Management Addressing Global Issues

Question: Discuss about the Case Study for Operations Management of Addressing Global Issues. Answer: Introduction Efficient management of the business by the administrative head is known as operation management. The main responsibility of the operation manager in a business is to manage the productivity of the organizations by efficient use of resource that is scarce in nature. The main aim of the report is to analyze a case study of an organization and discuss its operations. The assignment discusses the principles of supply chain management, inventory and capacity management, risk management, waste management and the global issues of the organization. Various theoretical concepts of supply chain management are explained in application to the organization or the company (Chase 2012). Operational manager is the administrative head of the organization that is responsible for managing the business. Business strategies are formed by the manager and implied by them for the benefit of the organization. Operations management is a multidisciplinary subject that has diverse nature and is different for organizations or business. Operation manager is responsible for planning, supervising and organizing the productivity of an organization. The broad prospective of operations management is supply chain management and logistics. The task of the operation manager is to handle routine and non-routine tasks of the organization (Hill and Hill 2012). The five main performance objective of operations management is quality, flexibility, cost, speed and dependability. The company chosen by the author is Coca Cola because Coca Cola has the most sophisticated and well-managed operations in Singapore (Marshall and Farahbakhsh 2013). The distribution system of the organization is also very sophisticated. Coca cola is a beverage company that is engaged in producing and supplying carbonated soft drinks but in Singapore, it operates on a sustainable level where communities and healthy style come into play in the value chain. Coca cola is also known as Coke that is the leading dominancy in the fresh water. The beverages that the company is involved in supplying come in various varieties such as diet coke, lemon drink and Coca Cola light. The company has many distribution centers all across the world and there are many vendors selling the product (Krajewski et al. 2013). The main competitor of Coca Cola is Pepsi that is also involved in supplying the same product. The mission statement of the company is to inspire moments of optimism and happiness, while creating value for shareowners and making a difference across the word. The company in Singapore is not only involved in making profit, but is also actively involved in many social responsibilities (Slack 2015). The employees of the company work hard to accomplish the goals of the organization. The company has a channel through which it supplies its products to the end user. The products first goes to the warehouse from the production house, from warehouses it is transported to distribution centers, then it reaches the retail sector and then to the consumers. The main strategy used by the company is its total quality management. The organization concentrates on maintaining the quality of the product and services that it provides to its customers (Karnani 2013). Hence, operations management is an essential function of an organization that needs to be managed efficiently for an effective result. Purpose of the case study The main purpose of the case study is to analyze the operations management of an organization. The author in this report first describes the theoretical framework of operations management. This includes supply chain management, inventory and capacity management, methods for improving operations, risk management, waste management, and global and international issues. These theories are then applied to the organization chosen. In this case, it is Coca Cola Company operating in Singapore. The author discusses the supply chain management of Coca Cola Company and its other operations management such as inventory management and waste management (Drake and Spinler 2013). At last, the author gives a recommendation as to how the company can improve its operations management in Singapore in order to achievecompetitive advantage in value chain. The main reason for selecting Coca Cola Company is that the distribution and production of the company is very sophisticated. The operations of the company are well managed. The case study provides the detail analysis of the company, the aims and objectives, the strategies used by the organization and the theoretical concepts. The aim of the operations manager is to manage day to day task at organization so that it is able to fulfill its aims and objectives. Operations management is a multi-disciplinary subject. The main area of concern is to discuss the supply chain management of the company and focus on the ways that can improve the operations such as demand forecasting, calculations and strategy building (Lambert and Schwieterman 2012).Operations management is an important function of the organization. The main strategy adopted by the company was its change in structure in promotional strategy. The company decided to become more flat that is treat everyone equal where the employee s are also included in decision-making. Theoretical framework Techniques and designs for improving operations- The operations can improve through various ways. First is through proper demand forecasting. A company should hire a team of experts that is able to forecast the demand so that the goods that are produced are sold in the market. This will lead to low piling of stocks and unnecessary inventory. Demand forecasting also helps the producers knows the types of goods the customers need (Mitra 2016).The other way to improve operational efficiency is by using the KT process that is the Kepner Tregoe (KT). The KT process works to reduce the waste. Lower the cost of production and develop methods for better sustainable programs. Through intelligent formulation of techniques the process helps in efficient utilization of limited resources. The overall costs also improve that helps in unit cost reduction. The main technique for improving operational efficiency is efficiently managing its supply chain management and quality in order to reduce the cost and manage the operations efficiently (Krajew skiet al.2013). Creating effective business processes with partners also helps in improving the operational efficiency. Communication is one of the essential tools that helps improving business operations and improve efficiency. Effective time and cost management is also essential for improving the business efficiently. Unnecessary travel time should be avoided as this will also help in lowering the costs of operations (Yin 2013). Employee satisfaction is as important as customer satisfaction as this will help in lower turnover and also reduce the cost of production. An efficient will be able to produce the goods more efficiently by reducing the cost and time of production (Myerset al.2016). Inventory and capacity management Warehouse is a place that is used to store the inventories and buffer stocks temporarily before being supplied to the clients and customers or distributors. Inventory management is meeting the demand of the customers by supplying the given amount of goods. Capacity management is the management of scarce resources so that it is available at right time and place (Seuring 2013). This includes management of raw materials as well as management of the finished goods. Capacity is the maximum output rate relating to the amount of goods and services that the company can produce when the company is running at its full potentiality. There are various factors that impact capacity management. This includes human factors that are labors, external factors such as regulations and policies, supply, process, facilities and capacity of network (Wisneret al.2014). Inventories are goods that are not sold in the market. Inventory adds on to the stock of the company. Maintaining stocks of the company at warehouses is known as inventory management. There are various advantages and disadvantages of inventory management.Inventory helps the companies in economies of scale. Goods are available at the time when no production takes place (Stadtler2015). It also helps in time of unforeseen events and scenarios. The disadvantage of inventory management is that it increases the cost of production as the company has to regularly maintain the stock of inventories (Reedand Zhang2014). Some of the companies hold the stocks of inventories intentionally so that they are able to sell the goods at higher prices during the time of low production. There are various types of inventories such as raw materials and consumables. Such as fuel, stationary and other goods that are required for production (Barney2012). Inventories also include items and packing materials tha t are used for production process. Goods are stored either for repair or to resell the product. There are five reasons for keeping stock. The basic reasons are time management where the suppliers at every stage require maintaining some amount of inventory. It is stored to manage inventories for consumption as well. The second reason to keep inventory is to provide the goods during the time when the demand varies (Schnsleben 2016). Producers capacity is fixed where the demands for the goods are periodical. Hence, stock accumulation is used to anticipate the future consumption. Inventories are maintained as buffers to meet uncertainties in demand (Chenand Simchi-Levi2012). Principles of supply chain management- Supply chain management is the supervision of the supplies of the organization. The main purpose of the supply chain management is to transport and provide the finished products to the end user that is the customers. Supply chain management is an overview of the flow of information, materials and finances from the producers to suppliers to wholesalers to retailers to consumers. For the sustainability of the business, the entire supply chain process should be sustainable in nature (Dyckhoffet al.2013). There are seven principles of supply chain management that are as follows: Supply chain should be adapted based on the needs of the services of each customer segment. Fulfilling the needs of the customers should be the first priority of any organization. The second principle is managing and customizing logistics network for each customer segment (Seuringand Goldbach2013). The third principle is forecasting the demand for the product and sharing the data across the supply chain practitioners. The main reason is to avoid the unnecessary holding of stocks (DeCroix2013) The fourth principle of supply chain management is differentiating products close to the customers as it helps in product variety. The fifth principle is time management in order to ensure that the product reaches the customers on time (Brownet al.2013). The sixth principle is developing IT service in order to support multi level decision making. The supply chain should not only be based considering the service but also the financial metrics so that the entire process is in budget (Fredendall and Hill2016). Supply chain management is the cross functional approach that manages the entire process of production and distribution from managing the movement of raw materials to the finished products. Supply chain management is the flow of goods, services and information from the suppliers to manufacturers to retailers to consumers (Coelhoand Laporte2014). Waste and Lean management- Elimination of waste is known as lean management. Waste management is the management of the operations so that the firms generate the least amount of waste in its operations to reduce the harmful impact to the environment. Efficient operations include least waste generation. There are various techniques that ten firms can use to reduce the waste. This includes efficient utilization of the resources (Martnez-Juradoand Moyano-Fuentes2014). Recycling the products and reusing the recycled products in its manufacturing. Overutilization of resources leads to large amount of waste generation. Waste management does not only mean generating less amount of waste but it also means managing the generated waste in such a manner so that it is not harmful to the environment (Guerreroet al.2013). Waste management includes monitoring and regulating the waste from its disposal, processing, transportation and generation. It means managing the raw materials efficiently. It is the duty of producers and the employees to ensure that the waste is managed efficiently (Govindanet al.2014). Sustainability is a concept that is gaining a wide range of popularity. Sustainability means utilization of the scarce resource in such a way that the resources are available in future generation without hampering the development of the current generation (Blackman 2016). Coca- cola and many other brands manages the resources efficiently so that it is able to generate the least amount of waste. Application of the theory Operation management of Coca Cola Operation management of Coca Cola includes productivity improvement of the company and quality improvement of manufactured products. Resource utilization, designing, product packaging, labeling etc are part of operation management. The operation manager of Coca Cola is responsible for maintaining high technology, product innovation and achieving companys goal. Distribution of products across retail store is also part of operation management. Formation of operation strategy helps in business process of the company (Zawislaket al. 2012). Operation manager monitors elasticity of demand for Coca cola product, cost management. Design of physical shape of Coca Cola product, composition is given priority as demand for product is influenced by presentation of the product. Planning is a part of the operation of Coca Cola, which control the resource utilization in production(coca-cola.co.uk 2016). Coca Cola in Singapore enjoys competitive advantage over its rival. In order to get competitive advantage in the market, the operation management focuses on ingredient of the products, bottling and distribution of Coke product. Expansion of beverage portfolio in compliance with the increasing demand is given priority. The techniques that can be operated in the value chain in increasing the demand in Singapore is majorly based on plant structure where it has employed almost 300 people across operations (Ramchandani 2016). Techniques of Coca-Cola for improving operation KORE that operates in Caca Cola enables sustainable performance to monitors continuous improvement and standard of product and product safety. This department takes preventive action in case of arises of any product standard issue. To solve the product issue, KORE gives importance to Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point or HACCP. This system helps the company to manage risk related to product standard. Being a global company, the company has to maintain different food standard regulation of that country. In past, this company had to face several issues related to product safety standard due to reporting of physical hazard problem of consumers. Biological and chemical composition of ingredients soft drinks affect final consumption of finished products. In US, The Food and Drug administration makes it mandatory to maintain HACCP criteria for Juice and meat (www.coca-cola.co.uk 2016). During 2014, India government for not meeting license issue charged the company. Due to violation of rule, the company suffered financial loss as government rejected the application of Coca-Cola Company for the expansion of bottling plant. The company faced loss, as the plant was already built. The company has suffered from other allegations such excessive use of ground water, wastage of water, not meeting pollution standards etc. (Indiaresource.org, 2016). Cost reduction is a strategy for improvement in operation in Singapore. During 2014, the decision rule has been taken by operation management to reduce cost as the sales volume of Coca-Cola was grown by only 1% compared to expected 3%. This was mainly due to the shutdown of plant structure in Singapore and the loss of employment. Whereas in countries of North America, the sales volume was dropped by 1% during same period. As per report of July 2016, company has decided to reduce cost of operation due to making more than expected profit in third quarter. Cost cut will help the company to reduce price of the product. Decrease in price may lead to rise in demand. As a cost reduction policy, the company targets to save annual cost by $3 billionuntil2019 (www.coca-colacompany.com 2016). The company has set its objective to cut job and selling a few bottling units as a principle of cost reduction but bottling the product assumes to be the main challenge in Singapore. This policy is not via ble as it has social impact. Moreover, this policy may affect production process in future. Turnover of employees can reduce the productivity of the company. For full utilization of production capacity, optimal use of resource is necessary (Lambert and Schwieterman 2012). Maintenance of labor capital ratio per unit of production is required to meet total production target. However, selling bottling unit can be profitable as this can help to generate cash to meet short term liabilities. Inventory and capacity management strategy of Coca-Cola Inventory of Coca-Cola includes raw material used in production and finished product. The finished product incorporates Syrup used in Coca-Cola and finished beverages. Inventories of Coca-Cola Company are valued at market cost. In valuation of Inventory policy, the company uses FIFO method. FIFO method considers selling of first product, which has been bought first. This method is considered better than LIFO method. Use of FIFO method helps the company to manage inventory efficiently (Brigham and Ehrhardt 2013). If firstly bough good is sold first, this reduces the chance of the asset being obsolete. If the assets or products are stored in the company for long time, no revenue is generated from this activity. Selling obsolete assets generate no profit. Therefore, it is better for the company to sell inventory before it become obsolete (Adeyemi and Salami 2010). Status of inventory is appeared in the balance sheet of the company. Early selling of inventory generates cash, which can be used to finance any immediate financial needs. If the company is able to generate sufficient cash from selling inventory, this improves current assets of the company. If current asset is more than current liabilities, this improves current ratio. Current ratio shows companys financial performance. If the current asset is more than current liabilities, company can effectively, able to meet its short-term liabilities. Investors prefer the current ratio to be 2, which mean current assets of the company are double compared to current liabilities. It signifies good liquidity position of the company (Brigham and Houston 2012). The reduction in inventory due to increase in current assets will not only add liquid cash and cash equivalent but also might prove beneficial for Singapore. The financial report of Coca-Cola company shows that inventory amount of Coca-cola unit has decreased from 2013 to 2015. During 2013, the amount of inventory was US$3277 million, which has been reduced to US$2902 during 2015. Therefore, it can be inferred that management of Coca-Cola Company has been able to manage inventory efficiently. Among the inventory, raw material finished goods have been released from $1240 million during 2013 to $1032 million during 2015. In calculation of inventory, balance of noncurrent inventory is excluded (www.coca-colacompany.com 2015). For better management of inventory, it is important to track inventory from time to time highlighting its production and distribution. Operation management of the company monitors inventory regularly by checking inventory of different stores. If there is any occurrence of loss of inventory, management takes initiative to check and compensate the loss. This company also follows perpetual inventory techniques (www.coca-colacompany.com 2016). In this method, inventory is calculated after every purchase of raw material and sale of finished product. Frequent update of inventory helps the company to manage its liquidity efficiently. This method is very useful, however it is costly to use and time consuming to calculate. One important aspect of this method is that, company can access the data from anywhere of the world, if it is technology driven. This facility gives management an opportunity to manage inventory anywhere of the world, as it is a multinational company. There is risk of making error in calculating inventory (Adeyemi and Salami 2010). If there is any incorrect entry in inventory management data book, the calculation gives wrong result. Inaccurate inventory value presents false statement about companys financial position. Supply chain management system The main objective of Coca-Colas supply chain management is to form a modern supply chain, making a consistent process of acquisition and integration of manufacturing activities with retail sector. In order to do that, the management of the company has taken policy to install SAP ERP system (Monczkaet al. 2015). Figure: Supply chain management of Coca-Cola (Source:Monczka et al. 2015) SAP is an extensive supply chain management tool, which helps management to control demand and supply of product in the market, inventory management, controlling logistic network. Planning manufacturing activities, transportation management and sales management are also done through this software (Brownet al. 2013). Enterprise resource planning helps the Coca-Cola Company to manage available information and to integrate several departments of the organizations in several countries. Furthermore, use of ERP system increases the operational efficiency of the company. As discussed above, SAP system helps the company in inventory management. It also helps to improve customer service (Fernie 2014). Figure: ERP system and contribution to supply chain management (Source:Fernie 2014) As depicted in above diagram, the ERP system helps to manage customer relation, which is important to improve business expansion. Customer satisfaction increases customer loyalty, which further helps to attract new customers towards business. According to Says law of macroeconomics, supply creates its demand itself. This theory is applicable here. Supply of quality products and maintenance of safety standard satisfy customer. Customer satisfaction helps for expansion of business by creating more demand for their product. Maintaining data warehouse is an approach, which facilitates the company to understand customer choice and preference (Aminiet al. 2012). Product recycling, manufacturing, packaging, refrigeration and distribution are included in supply chain management of Coca-Cola. Coca-Cola follows aggressive marketing strategy in business operation. Use of information technology improves productivity of the company. Integration of different retail outlay across the Singapore makes the operation performance easier. In supply chain management, the company values local demand for product. The objective of the company is to maintain same taste irrespective of wherever it is produced. The supply chain of Coca-Cola is basically customer driven (Karnani 2013). Waste and lean management Coca- Cola maintains its corporate social responsibilities in business operation. It considers maintenance of environment standard regulated by the country, where business operates. During 2009, the company took an ecofriendly strategy named Eco-bottle. The plastic used in bottle is made from byproduct of sugarcane, which is recyclable. The Eco-bottle is not biodegradable. At every stage of supply chain management such as transportation and use of raw material, production, packaging, distribution, the company tries to maintain environment standard, which constitutes to be the essential part when operating in Singapore. Waste is generated at every stage of product life cycle. Waste management has also impact on environment. At the process of waste management, there is a chance of generating byproducts and pollutants. This reduces production of byproducts, the company required to employ improved technology (Dauvergneet al. 2012). In order to maintain carbon footprint in production, the company invested US$300 million in the recycling plant. For business operation in different countries, the company has faced several issues related to water usage and health hazard. Investment in recycling plan as a part of supply chain management has raised companys ability to recycle used products in ebery country. The company has target for water usage and wastage reduction by 2020 compared to 2004. Zero waste is a vision of company, which operates globally and depends on future growth prospect (Atsmonet al. 2012). Recommendations During 2016, the company expects to increase in operating profit by 6% -8% globally. Although, Singapore has facing many bottlenecks in relation to its plant in Singapore but there is still the drive to retain its sizeable sales force, sales and marketing, warehousing, distribution, procurement, human resources, finance/administration, legal and IT functions. Moreover, companyitself has experienced slow growth rate and fall in production during first and second quarter of 2015. Gross profit of the company has decreased due to fall in net operating revenue despite reduction in cost of production. Therefore, the sales volume has decreased during 2014-15. It can be recommended to the company that strategy needs to be taken to improve sales volume. As a part of long run strategy, capacity improvement requires to be given priority to increase sales. It has been seen that current assets has increased from 2014 to 2015 although short-term investment and amount of liquid cash have fallen. It signifies that company has suffered from decreasing liquidity, which may create problem to meet short-term liabilities. It may happen some times that company requires finance for any unprecedented incident. To face that incidence without difficulty, liquid cash is required. Hence, it is needed to maintain a certain level of cash and cash equivalent in short run. As per above analysis, the company gives priority to long-term vision but fails to operate in plant factories. However, short-term operational issues are required to be given priority. If short term is no met, it is not possible for the company to meet long-term goal. Although the company is able to manage inventory effectively, it fails to manage accounts receivables, which may create cash flow problem for the company. Accounts receivables indicates the amount that are payable by consumers. If the receipts from customer come before the period of account payable to the creditors and suppliers, this creates cash flow problems. Cash flow problems affect daily business performance of the company. Therefore, operation management needs to give attention in capacity improvement and sales increase. It has been seen that net operating income during 2015 was highest from North America. Therefore, business performance in other territories whether it is Singapore, North America or Europe needs to be improved in order to achieve long-term growth prospective of the company. Besides this quality control, issue and waste management require to be given more priority for effective control of supply chain management. Information management system Coca-Cola uses SAP software as a part of enterprise resource planning in information management system. This software is effective to manage business. However, information system can be improved further. Information management system of a company has several aspects such as document and record management, digital asset management and data collaboration with other subsidiaries of this company etc. Therefore, people, business process, and implementation of technology are included in the information management. Company may face challenges for information management such employee turnover, lack of clarity in companys strategy, diverse business needs. Hence, to overcome the problems, first thing that is needed is improvement of skill of employees and the retention power of the employees for the company to grow in Singapore. Employees need training about usage of new technology. With changing work environment, the workstation needs to be replaced with a new one. Company can install a decision support system for manager. This system aggregates data of different department and presents in a report format. Using this report, manager can analyze the proposed decision in the report and make own decision. Electronic data processing system is an effective decision making tool. Company can use this system to record transaction and business reporting. Project management First step of project management is planning of project. For efficient management of a undertaken project, formation of a cohesive team is needed. Customer relationship management is a part of project management. At the planning stage, the manager would analyse the scope of the project and expected outcome. The project may be expansion of existing business in a new market or may be launch of a new product. Therefore, analysis of market expectation regarding a new project is required. To evaluate market demand, the company can conduct a primary survey at the target market. Resource planning is an important task of project management. Proper estimation of budget, resource allocation and preparation of time schedule are required. An effective communication plan is required to communicate with stake holders of the project such as employees, manager, customers, suppliers and shareholders (Brownet al. 2013). At the execution and project monitoring stage, the management needs to conduct a variance analysis. This analysis is necessary to see the variance of actual time, financial and physical resources from the budgeted allocation. Management needs to control the budgetary variance to reduce resource wastage. After completion of the project, an audit requires to be done to evaluate project success. Role of operation manager Operation manager is responsible for monitoring daily business operation and project management. Operation manager has important role in building good relation with customer by addressing all complaints and problems immediately (Hill and Hill 2012). Staff management, budget management, project planning, managing risks of a project all are important task of operation manager. The manage needs to oversee budgetary variance and financial performance of the Coca-Cola business. If actual expenditure of the project is more than budget allocation, fund problem may arise in the business. Operation manager requires managing finance and timing schedule for every task of the project to reduce wastage of resource. Conclusion Operations management is a very efficient tool that is essential to manage the business effectively. The role of operational manager is to manage the resources efficiently in order to effectively accomplish the business. Operations management includes supply chain management, waste management, quality management, cost management and effective time management. Coca Cola Company is a branded company that is famous all over the world for its effective operations but has been facing bottlenecks in plant structure in Singapore. The company has a sophisticated brand image due to the business plan that it has developed. The supply chain of the company includes the suppliers, the manufacturers, the distributors, retailers and the customers. Company is engaged in various social responsibilities which makes it sustainable in different countries. The aim of the company is to generate the least amount of waste and hence the company uses the recycled products in its manufacturing. The main concen tration of the company is in quality development of the product. It ensures that the customers get the best quality product. Its aim is to satisfy the needs of the customers. References Addressing Global Issues. (2016). [online] The Coca-Cola Company. Available at: https://www.coca-colacompany.com/our-company/addressing-global-issues [Accessed 25 Jul. 2016]. Adeyemi, S.L. and Salami, A.O., 2010. Inventory management: A tool of optimizing resources in a manufacturing industry a case study of coca-cola bottling company, Ilorin Plant.Journal of social Sciences,23(2), pp.135-142. Amini, M., Wakolbinger, T., Racer, M. and Nejad, M.G., 2012. Alternative supply chain productionsales policies for new product diffusion: An agent-based modeling and simulation approach.European Journal of Operational Research,216(2), pp.301-311. Atsmon, Y., Child, P., Dobbs, R. and Narasimhan, L., 2012. Winning the $30 trillion decathlon: going for gold in emerging markets.McKinsey Quarterly,4, pp.20-35. Barney, J.B., 2012. Purchasing, supply chain management and sustained competitive advantage: The relevance of resourceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ based theory.Journal of Supply Chain Management,48(2), pp.3-6. Blackman Jr, W.C., 2016.Basic hazardous waste management. CRC Press. Brigham, E.F. and Ehrhardt, M.C., 2013.Financial management: Theory practice. Cengage Learning. Brigham, E.F. and Houston, J.F., 2012.Fundamentals of financial management. Cengage Learning. Brown, S., Bessant, J.R. and Lamming, R., 2013.Strategic operations management. Routledge. Chase, J., 2012.Operations management. Tata McGraw-Hill. Chen, X. and Simchi-Levi, D., 2012. Pricing and inventory management.The Oxford handbook of pricing management, pp.784-822. Christopher, M., 2016.Logistics supply chain management. Pearson Higher Ed. Coca-cola.co.uk(2015) Corporate Sustainability Report | Coca-Cola GB. [Online]. Available at: https://www.coca-cola.co.uk/about-us/corporate-sustainability-report [Accessed 25 Jul. 2016]. Coelho, L.C. and Laporte, G., 2014. Optimal joint replenishment, delivery and inventory management policies for perishable products.Computers Operations Research,47, pp.42-52. Dauvergne, P. and Lister, J., 2012. Big brand sustainability: Governance prospects and environmental limits.Global Environmental Change,22(1), pp.36-45. DeCroix, G.A., 2013. Inventory management for an assembly system subject to supply disruptions.Management Science,59(9), pp.2079-2092. DeCroix, G.A., 2013. Inventory management for an assembly system subject to supply disruptions.Management Science,59(9), pp.2079-2092. Dekker, R., Fleischmann, M., Inderfurth, K. and van Wassenhove, L.N. eds., 2013.Reverse logistics: quantitative models for closed-loop supply chains. Springer Science Business Media. Drake, D.F. and Spinler, S., 2013. OM Forum-Sustainable Operations Management: An Enduring Stream or a Passing Fancy?.Manufacturing Service Operations Management,15(4), pp.689-700. Dyckhoff, H., Lackes, R. and Reese, J. eds., 2013.Supply chain management and reverse logistics. Springer Science Business Media. Fernie, J., 2014. 02 Relationships in the supply chain.Logistics and retail management: Emerging issues and new challenges in the retail supply chain, p.35. Fredendall, L.D. and Hill, E., 2016.Basics of supply chain management. CRC Press. Govindan, K., Kaliyan, M., Kannan, D. and Haq, A.N., 2014. Barriers analysis for green supply chain management implementation in Indian industries using analytic hierarchy process.International Journal of Production Economics,147, pp.555-568. Guerrero, L.A., Maas, G. and Hogland, W., 2013. Solid waste management challenges for cities in developing countries.Waste management,33(1), pp.220-232. Gyulai, D., Kdr, B., Kovcs, A. and Monostori, L., 2014. Capacity management for assembly systems with dedicated and reconfigurable resources.CIRP Annals-Manufacturing Technology,63(1), pp.457-460. Hajmohammad, S., Vachon, S., Klassen, R.D. and Gavronski, I., 2013. Lean management and supply management: their role in green practices and performance.Journal of Cleaner Production,39, pp.312-320. Hasan, M., 2013. Sustainable supply chain management practices and operational performance. Hill, A. and Hill, T., 2012.Operations management. Palgrave Macmillan. Indiaresource.org. (2016). IRC- Coca-Cola - Mehdiganj - The Issues. [online] Available at: https://www.indiaresource.org/campaigns/coke/2013/mehdiganjfact.html [Accessed 25 Jul. 2016]. Karnani, A.G., 2013. Corporate Social Responsibility Does Not Avert the Tragedy of the Commons--Case Study: Coca-Cola India.Ross School of Business Paper, (1210). Krajewski, L.J., Ritzman, L.P. and Malhotra, M.K., 2013.Operations management: processes and supply chains. New York: Pearson. Krajewski, L.J., Ritzman, L.P. and Malhotra, M.K., 2013.Operations management: processes and supply chains. New York: Pearson. Lambert, D.M. and Schwieterman, M.A., 2012. Supplier relationship management as a macro business process.Supply Chain Management: An International Journal,17(3), pp.337-352. Marshall, R.E. and Farahbakhsh, K., 2013. Systems approaches to integrated solid waste management in developing countries.Waste Management,33(4), pp.988-1003. Martnez-Jurado, P.J. and Moyano-Fuentes, J., 2014. Lean management, supply chain management and sustainability: a literature review.Journal of Cleaner Production,85, pp.134-150. Mitra, A., 2016.Fundamentals of quality control and improvement. John Wiley Sons. Myers, R.H., Montgomery, D.C. and Anderson-Cook, C.M., 2016.Response surface methodology: process and product optimization using designed experiments. John Wiley Sons. Ramchandani, N. (2016).Coca-Cola Singapore Beverages to shut Tuas plant; commits US$100m investment. [online] The Business Times. Available at: https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/companies-markets/coca-cola-singapore-beverages-to-shut-tuas-plant-commits-us100m-investment [Accessed 9 Aug. 2016]. Reed, J. and Zhang, B., 2014. Managing Capacity and Inventory Jointly for Multi-Server Make-to-Stock Queues. Schnsleben, P., 2016.Integral logistics management: Operations and supply chain management within and across companies. CRC Press. Seuring, S. and Goldbach, M. eds., 2013.Cost management in supply chains. Springer Science Business Media. Seuring, S., 2013. A review of modeling approaches for sustainable supply chain management.Decision support systems,54(4), pp.1513-1520. Stadtler, H., 2015. Supply chain management: An overview. InSupply chain management and advanced planning(pp. 3-28). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Wisner, J.D., Tan, K.C. and Leong, G.K., 2014.Principles of supply chain management: a balanced approach. Cengage Learning. www.coca-colacompany.com (2016). Company Reports. [online] The Coca-Cola Company. Available at: https://www.coca-colacompany.com/our-company/company-reports [Accessed 25 Jul. 2016]. Yin, R.K., 2013.Case study research: Design and methods. Sage publications. Zawislak, P.A., Cherubini Alves, A., Tello-Gamarra, J., Barbieux, D. and Reichert, F.M., 2012. Innovation capability: from technology development to transaction capability.Journal of technology management innovation,7(2), pp.14-27.

Oceans Essay Example For Students

Oceans Essay The ocean covers Seventy-one percent of our planets surface. Life isconcentrated, however, in about four percent of it, and it is this four percentthat is being polluted by the tons every day. Everyone needs to understand thatthe oceans are not endless, and not bottomless. They also much see that theocean contains much marine life which are essential to our eco-system. And inorder to preserve this other world of life, we must stop polluting the oceans,and begin to clean them up. Although using the ocean for a toxic waste dump mayprovide for a cheap alternative, we must not succumb to these barbaric urges. If we neglect to deal with these ideals, than the world as we know it may not beas great a world for our children as it was for us. First, we need to understand that the oceans are not the vast resourcesthat we believe them to be, but just vulnerable natural resources. BeforeColumbus day, the ocean were thought to be boundless. Although Columbus provedthis theory incorrect, the thought still remains in todays societies. For weof the 20th century still treat the ocean as the endless, bottomless pit it wasconsidered to be in medieval times.(Heyerdahl) The majority of the worldspopulation still lives under the misconception that the ocean is a hungry abyss,eager to devour all their waste. These beliefs, however, are all untrue. Theaverage depth of the oceans is only a little more than a mile, when in fact,some lakes exceed this depth rather handily. Although the size of the ocean isoften pondered, the thought that it may one day be gone, is never evenconsidered. The vast majority of all life in the ocean, inhabits only 1/25 of thesewaters, but it is these surroundings that are in the most danger. In thebeginning of the world, marine plankton was vital to the evolution of man. Today, it is even more important to us, being that it provides us with a greatpercentage of oxygen we receive. These minute plant species manufactured somuch oxygen that it rose above the surface to help form the atmosphere we havetoday.(Heyerdahl) With the disappearance of the plankton through increasedpollution, the obvious result will be a total deprivation of our oxygen supply,in turn limiting all people to certain limits. And with urban expansion leadingto deforestation, our dependence upon marine life becomes heightened. Theimportance of marine plankton cannot be emphasized enough, yet most people failto recognize it as the vital life supply it is. Further, since the turn of the century, humans have continually pollutedthe waters of the ocean. The trend has not lessened; but has increased as timehas passed. Most of our new chemical products are not only toxic: they are infact created to sterile and kill. And they keep on displaying these sameinherent abilities wherever they end up.(Heyerdahl) Although pollution reformsare in place, the clean-up efforts cannot keep up with the constant pollution. These wastes are not degradable; they remain in the ocean causing more deathuntil they wash up on a distant shore. Through sewers and seepage they allhead for the ocean, where they remain to accumulate as undesired nuts and boltsin between the cogwheels of a so far smoothly running machine.(Heyerdahl) Everyday, over 40,000 tons of garbage from the major cities of America alone aretaken on a one-way excursion. Where to? The ocean, to sit like the manygenerations of waste before them. This constant abuse to our natural resourceswill not b e endured for long; for even the ocean has limits. .uc5d0be5f2f31dbe12d25eebe5b5bb633 , .uc5d0be5f2f31dbe12d25eebe5b5bb633 .postImageUrl , .uc5d0be5f2f31dbe12d25eebe5b5bb633 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc5d0be5f2f31dbe12d25eebe5b5bb633 , .uc5d0be5f2f31dbe12d25eebe5b5bb633:hover , .uc5d0be5f2f31dbe12d25eebe5b5bb633:visited , .uc5d0be5f2f31dbe12d25eebe5b5bb633:active { border:0!important; } .uc5d0be5f2f31dbe12d25eebe5b5bb633 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc5d0be5f2f31dbe12d25eebe5b5bb633 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc5d0be5f2f31dbe12d25eebe5b5bb633:active , .uc5d0be5f2f31dbe12d25eebe5b5bb633:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc5d0be5f2f31dbe12d25eebe5b5bb633 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc5d0be5f2f31dbe12d25eebe5b5bb633 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc5d0be5f2f31dbe12d25eebe5b5bb633 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc5d0be5f2f31dbe12d25eebe5b5bb633 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc5d0be5f2f31dbe12d25eebe5b5bb633:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc5d0be5f2f31dbe12d25eebe5b5bb633 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc5d0be5f2f31dbe12d25eebe5b5bb633 .uc5d0be5f2f31dbe12d25eebe5b5bb633-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc5d0be5f2f31dbe12d25eebe5b5bb633:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Romeo And Juliet (820 words) EssayIn order to survive longer as a species on this planet, we must stoppolluting the oceans, save the fragile marine eco-system, and understand thateven the ocean has limitations, and that they are being pushed too far. Canman survive with a dead ocean?(Heyerdahl) The answer is clear and obvious: no. We cannot conceivably survive without the immeasurable subsistence the oceanprovides us. Currently, we are on the path to self-destruction. We need get offthis often traveled beaten path, and blaze a new one for ourselves. These ideashave been around since the beginning; now its time to adhere to them.

A College Football Playoff Essay Example

A College Football Playoff? Essay Every year thousands of NCAA division one football players shed blood, tears, and sweat with the goal of reaching a championship bowl game. Unfortunately, roughly half of all of these football players never make it close to contention for one of the top four prestigious bowls that make up the Bowl Championship Series. This series was created to ensure a true national championship game and place all the major conference champions in major bowls. At the same time, all small conference schools are faced with the predicament of playing in lesser bowls in the end of the season regardless of the level of success they attain. The national television exposure and the millions of dollars that come with a major bowl are taken away due to the size of a school. Non-BCS conference schools are subjected to deficits in spending and cannot recruit the best players, leaving them on an uneven playing field. These small schools deserve an equal opportunity at playing in major money making bowls and the national exposure that comes along with it. There should be a post season playoff for NCAA division one football. With more than one hundred colleges participating in division one football every year, the NCAA was facing many problems regardi . . A team from outside the six could theoretically play its way in, but in practical terms doing so would be nearly impossible (Suggs â€Å"Members† 1). A playoff post season addresses all issues regarding the national championship game and disparity not only on the field, but more importantly financially on campus. With more money at stake, playoff consideration is affect ed by growing greed among schools. So in 2001, changes were made to the formula. But at least every regular-season game still matters under this plan, which makes it a good thing (Dienhart and Huguenin 38). Notre Dame, the nation’s most popular[. We will write a custom essay sample on A College Football Playoff? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on A College Football Playoff? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on A College Football Playoff? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Small schools would have an equal opportunity at major bowls with a playoff. ], schedule strength and team record (Dienhart and Huguenin 38). In NCAA basketball, there is a playoff for the purpose of creating an even playing field and encouraging parity. [Congress] criticized the way the series rewards institutions in the Atlantic Coast, Big East, Big Ten, Big 12, Pacific-10, and Southeastern Conferences and not colleges in the five other conferences in Division 1-A (Suggs â€Å"Members† 1). â€Å"‘Unlike college basketball, this strengthens the value of the regular season,’ says Kramer, the SEC commissioner† (Dienhart and Huguenin 38.

Character Analysis Curley in Of Mice And Men Essay Example

Character Analysis Curley in Of Mice And Men Essay Example Character Analysis Curley in Of Mice And Men Essay Character Analysis Curley in Of Mice And Men Essay Essay Topic: Of Mice and Men ?In the novel Of Mice and Men, John Steinbeck created Curley as the main antagonist of the novel. For the purpose of this essay I will analyse and evaluate why Curley is an important character to novel and the effect has to final outcome of the novel. Curley is special to the novel as he has already accomplished the American dream and is a figure of Authority â€Å"He wore high heeled boots†. The high heeled boots support the idea that he is a figure of authority. On our first encounter with Curley he is seen holding an â€Å"aggressive stance similar to a boxer† and we are informed that Curley is â€Å"like small guys, they all hate big guys†. This is important as Lennie one of the main protagonists is a big guy, hinting to the reader that Curley is going to play a big part in the demise of their American Dream. Despite all his power he has inherited by being the son of the boss, he has little control over others. He is constantly intimidating other characters and asking â€Å"you seen my wife†. This supports the fact that he has little control over his wife and is always consciously trying to find her to â€Å"tame† her. Curley suffers from Napoleon Complex, â€Å"he wore high heeled boots† this suggests that he is trying to make his figure appear bigger, by wearing different cosmetics. This is important to the novel as it shows us accomplishing the American dream does not always lead to happiness despite the other characters assuming so. Curley’s jealousy of Lennie resulted in a physical encounter between the two, where Lennie demolished him by â€Å"crushing his hand† leaving him to â€Å"flop like a fish†. We would be under the assumption that Curley would snitch on Lennie to the boss and get him removed from the ranch but Slim blackmails him â€Å"you gonna tell em’ that you got your hand stuck in the machine, or we gonna get you again†. This is important to novel as we see that there are characters in the novel that lack the oppo

Derivatives Markets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Derivatives Markets - Essay Example We have already given examples of stock options in an earlier section; we now move on to index options. Stock market indices are well known, not only in the investment community but also among many individuals who are not even directly investing in the market. Because a stock index is just an artificial portfolio of stocks, it is reasonable to expect that one could create an option on a stock index. Indeed, we have already covered forward and futures contracts on stock indices; options are no more difficult in structure. For example, consider options on the S&P 500 Index, which trade on the Chicago Board Options Exchange and have a designated index contract multiplier of 100. On 13 June of a given year the S&P 500 closed at $1241.6. A call option with an exercise price of $1250 expiring on 20 July was selling for $28. The option is European style and settles in cash. The underlying is treated as it was a share of stock worth $1241.6, which can be bought, using a call option, for $1250 on 20 July. At expiration if the option is in the money, the buyer exercises it and the writer pay the buyer the $250 contract the multiplier times the difference between the index value at expiration and $1250. In the United States, there are also options on the Dow Jones Industrial Average, the NASDAQ, and various other indices. There are nearly always options on the best-known stock indices in most countries. Just as there are options on stocks, there are also options on bonds. Interest rate options An interest rate option is an option in which the underlying is an interest rate. It has an exercise rate or strike rate, which is expressed on an order of magnitude of an interest rate. At expiration the option payoff is based on the difference between the underlying rate in the market and the exercise rate. Example: Consider an option expiring in 90 days on 180 day LIBOR. The option buyer specifies whatever exercise rate he desires. Let us say he chooses an exercise rate of 5.5 percent and a notional principle of $10 million. Now let us move to the expiration day. Suppose 180 day LIBOR is 6%. Then the call option in-the-money. The pay off to the holder is $10000000(0.06-0.55) (180/360) =$25000 BOND OPTIONS Options on bonds usually called bond options are primarily traded in the over the counter markets. Options exchanges have attempted to generate interest in options on bonds, but have not been very successful. Corporate bonds are not very actively traded most are purchased and held to expiration. Government bonds, however, are very actively traded nevertheless; options on them have not gained widespread acceptance on options exchanges. Options exchanges generate much of their trading volume from individual investors, who have far more interest in and understanding of stocks than bonds. Thus, bond options are found almost exclusively in the over-the-counter market and are almost on government bonds. Consider for example, a U.S. Treasury bond maturing in 27 years. The bond has a coupon of 5.50 percent, a yield of 5.75 percent, and is selling for $0.9659 per $1 par.